{"id":3459,"date":"2026-08-05T11:28:39","date_gmt":"2026-08-05T14:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/?post_type=made_publication&#038;p=3459"},"modified":"2026-08-13T17:49:41","modified_gmt":"2026-08-13T20:49:41","slug":"income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries","status":"publish","type":"made_publication","link":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/","title":{"rendered":"Income and wealth inequalities as limits to the CO2-reducing effects of public green expenditure: Evidence from OECD countries"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\">This study inves\u00adti\u00adga\u00adtes the effects of govern\u00adment expen\u00addi\u00adtu\u00adre on envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal pro\u00adtec\u00adti\u00adon on the growth rate of car\u00adbon emis\u00adsi\u00adon inten\u00adsity, mea\u00adsu\u00adred by the CO<span class=\"s1\">2<\/span>\/GDP ratio, using an annu\u00adal panel of 25 OECD coun\u00adtri\u00ades from 1995 to 2021. To assess whether dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adti\u00adve con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons sha\u00adpe the effec\u00adti\u00adve\u00adness of envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal fis\u00adcal policy, three non\u00adli\u00adne\u00adar models are esti\u00adma\u00adted using alter\u00adna\u00adti\u00adve threshold vari\u00ada\u00adbles repre\u00adsen\u00adting dif\u00adfe\u00adrent dimen\u00adsi\u00adons of ine\u00adqua\u00adlity: dis\u00adpo\u00adsa\u00adble inco\u00adme ine\u00adqua\u00adlity (Gini coef\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adent), wealth con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon (top 0.1% wealth sha\u00adre), and ave\u00adra\u00adge real wages, con\u00adtrol\u00adling for labor pro\u00adduc\u00adti\u00advity. The\u00adse vari\u00ada\u00adbles divi\u00adde the sam\u00adple into lower- and higher-ine\u00adqua\u00adlity regi\u00admes. The results indi\u00adca\u00adte that the effects of the public spen\u00adding on envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal pro\u00adtec\u00adti\u00adon is only sta\u00adtis\u00adti\u00adcally sig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adcant under more equi\u00adta\u00adble dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adti\u00adve con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons. A 10% incre\u00ada\u00adse in govern\u00adment expen\u00addi\u00adtu\u00adre on envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal pro\u00adtec\u00adti\u00adon redu\u00adces the growth rate of emis\u00adsi\u00adon inten\u00adsity by appro\u00adxi\u00adma\u00adtely 0.52% in the fifth peri\u00adod after the shock under lower dis\u00adpo\u00adsa\u00adble inco\u00adme ine\u00adqua\u00adlity, by 1.86% when wealth con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon at the top of the dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adti\u00adon is lower, and by 0.23% as early as the second peri\u00adod under higher real wages, con\u00adtrol\u00adling for labor pro\u00adduc\u00adti\u00advity. Ove\u00adrall, the fin\u00addings sug\u00adgest that the dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adti\u00adve pro\u00adfi\u00adle is an impor\u00adtant fac\u00adtor sha\u00adping the envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal effec\u00adti\u00adve\u00adness of public spending.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This study inves\u00adti\u00adga\u00adtes the effects of govern\u00adment expen\u00addi\u00adtu\u00adre on envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal pro\u00adtec\u00adti\u00adon on the growth rate of car\u00adbon emis\u00adsi\u00adon inten\u00adsity, mea\u00adsu\u00adred by the CO2\/GDP ratio, using an annu\u00adal panel of 25 OECD coun\u00adtri\u00ades from 1995 to 2021. To assess whether dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adti\u00adve con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons sha\u00adpe the effec\u00adti\u00adve\u00adness of envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal fis\u00adcal policy, three non\u00adli\u00adne\u00adar models are esti\u00adma\u00adted using alternative&nbsp;[\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","tags":[],"made_publication_type":[78],"class_list":["post-3459","made_publication","type-made_publication","status-publish","hentry","made_publication_type-working-papers"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Income and wealth inequalities as limits to the CO2-reducing effects of public green expenditure: Evidence from OECD countries &#8212; Made<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/publicacoes\\\/artigos\\\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/publicacoes\\\/artigos\\\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\\\/\",\"name\":\"Income and wealth inequalities as limits to the CO2-reducing effects of public green expenditure: Evidence from OECD countries &#8212; Made\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-05T14:28:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-13T20:49:41+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/publicacoes\\\/artigos\\\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/publicacoes\\\/artigos\\\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/publicacoes\\\/artigos\\\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"In\u00edcio\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Publica\u00e7\u00f5es\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/publications\\\/articles\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Income and wealth inequalities as limits to the CO2-reducing effects of public green expenditure: Evidence from OECD countries\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"Made\",\"description\":\"Research Center on Macroeconomics of Inequalities\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Made\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/fav-ico-made-01.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/fav-ico-made-01.png\",\"width\":4500,\"height\":4500,\"caption\":\"Made\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/madeusp.com.br\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Income and wealth inequalities as limits to the CO2-reducing effects of public green expenditure: Evidence from OECD countries &#8212; Made","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/","url":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/","name":"Income and wealth inequalities as limits to the CO2-reducing effects of public green expenditure: Evidence from OECD countries &#8212; Made","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-08-05T14:28:39+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-13T20:49:41+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publicacoes\/artigos\/income-and-wealth-inequalities-as-limits-to-the-co2-reducing-effects-of-public-green-expenditure-evidence-from-oecd-countries\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"In\u00edcio","item":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Publica\u00e7\u00f5es","item":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/publications\/articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Income and wealth inequalities as limits to the CO2-reducing effects of public green expenditure: Evidence from OECD countries"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/","name":"Made","description":"Research Center on Macroeconomics of Inequalities","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/#organization","name":"Made","url":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/fav-ico-made-01.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/fav-ico-made-01.png","width":4500,"height":4500,"caption":"Made"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/made_publication\/3459","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/made_publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/made_publication"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3459"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3459"},{"taxonomy":"made_publication_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/madeusp.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/made_publication_type?post=3459"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}