Inequality in Brazil Economy and Finance: Income, Wealth and Tax Distribution
Novo estudo do Made aborda de maneira introdutória as desigualdades de renda e de riqueza no Brasil, trazendo seus aspectos de gênero e, especialmente, raciais. Publicado pela Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, “Inequality in Brazil Economy and Finance: Income, Wealth and Tax Distribution” ressalta que o sistema tributário brasileiro é marcadamente regressivo. O trabalho é desproporcionalmente tributado em comparação com o capital e a utilização generalizada de impostos sobre o consumo onera mais os baixos rendimentos. Os autores argumentam que uma reforma fiscal progressiva deveria procurar eliminar tais disparidades, acabando com privilégios concedidos pelo Estado aos mais ricos.
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This paper offers an introductory overview of inequality in the largest national economy of Latin America, focusing on key dimensions such as income, wealth and tax distribution. First, the recent literature on particular aspects of Brazilian inequalities is examined, with a special focus on findings reported in publications by the University of São Paulo’s Research Center on Macroeconomics of Inequalities (MadeFEA/USP). As evidence shows, Brazil’s severe inequalities stubbornly persist over time. The country’s multidimensional social inequalities have strong regional, gender and, most importantly, racial aspects that are connected to historical social power relations and exploitation. Brazilian governments and policymakers have made little attempt over time to reduce these structural inequalities through taxation (Schiozer et al., 2021). This would require extensive tax reforms, as the Brazilian tax system is markedly regressive. For instance, labour is disproportionately taxed in comparison to capital (Goto; Pires, 2022) and the widespread use of consumption taxes disproportionately burdens low-income strata (Silveira et al., 2022; Orair, 2022; Cardoso et al., 2022). We argue that a progressive tax reform should seek to eliminate such disparities by reversing historical and institutional privileges granted to the rich by the state.